In Ethiopia, a retrospective microcosting study of the late 2024 HPV vaccine multi-age cohort (MAC) campaign — targeting girls aged 9–14 across 82 health facilities in four regions — estimated the financial cost of delivering a single dose at US$0.66 and the economic cost at US$1.67 per fully vaccinated girl, excluding vaccine and immunization supply […]
Topic: Sustainability
Leaving 22 million girls unprotected from HPV: Impact of adopting a single-age target with low vaccination coverage in Kenya
In Kenya, a static cohort modelling study evaluated 12 HPV vaccination policy scenarios to inform the country’s cervical cancer elimination trajectory toward 2030. A prompt switch to a single-dose strategy combined with rapid coverage scale-up would avert an additional 249,700 DALYs compared with the current two-dose programme at approximately 50% coverage, while simultaneously reducing both […]
Expanding HPV vaccine Programs to Older Adolescent Girls or Young Boys: Immunization Stakeholder Perspectives in 11 Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Semi-structured interviews with 22 national immunization program managers and advisors across 11 LMICs conducted between May and August 2025 examined stakeholder perspectives on expanding HPV vaccination to older adolescent girls (15–18 years) and young boys (9–14 years). Slightly more stakeholders prioritized older girls, citing continued vaccine effectiveness post-sexual debut, independent health-seeking capacity, and evidence from […]
Integrating School Engagement And Facility-Based Screening To Strengthen HPV Vaccination In Kenya.
In Kenya, a dual-strategy implementation study addressed two persistent barriers to HPV vaccination coverage — vaccine hesitancy and dependence on inconsistent school-based outreach — through complementary school engagement and facility-based OPD screening models. The Ministry of Education–led school engagement component deployed school health committees, teacher training, health club reactivation, and peer-led forums nationwide, generating qualitative […]
Financing Of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination In Africa: A Scoping Review
A scoping review of 27 studies across sub-Saharan Africa found that approximately 68% of countries rely on Gavi donations — often supplemented by the Gates Foundation, WHO, or other donors — as their primary HPV vaccine financing mechanism, with financial delivery costs ranging from US$0.27 to US$19.76 per dose depending on country, delivery modality, and […]
Resource Mobilization and Financial Sustainability: Q&A Session
This Q&A addressed private sector engagement, civil society advocacy across government transitions, Kenya’s Gavi re-entry, and South Africa’s Mother-Daughter campaign. Zimbabwe framed HPV as a community protection investment to attract private sector support; Kenya confirmed a 2028 target for first Kenya BioVax doses. Kenya’s return to the Gavi preparatory phase followed a GNI threshold review […]
Articulating the challenges: Country experiences improving service delivery through a lens of persistent challenges – Q&A
This Q&A session followed country presentations from The Gambia, Senegal, and Zimbabwe on HPV service delivery challenges, drawing responses from Kenya and Rwanda as well. The Gambia clarified that its 2024 vaccine stockout stemmed from post-COVID hesitancy causing demand shortfalls during a campaign, leading to expiry rather than supply failure. Senegal explained that district-level financing […]
Financial and/or sustainability in the context of expanding target population for vaccination – Q&A
Discussion addressed the differentiated pricing landscape for HPV vaccines, clarifying that GAVI-eligible countries may access GAVI prices even for expanded target groups and that UNICEF procurement functions as an indirect pool procurement mechanism benefiting countries with small purchasing volumes. On the economics of local manufacturing, Bloem acknowledged the 10-year timeline and higher per-dose costs typical […]
Resource Mobilization and Financial Sustainability: Common challenges in preparing for the Gavi transition – Kenya
In Kenya, sustaining HPV vaccination within a life-course immunization framework has become an increasingly urgent policy priority as the country navigates its transition away from Gavi support. Kenya has partnered with Gavi since 2001 — receiving over US$940 million in cumulative support — and introduced HPV vaccination into the routine schedule in 2019; it entered […]
Articulating the challenges: Country experiences improving service delivery through a lens of persistent challenges – Zimbabwe
In Zimbabwe, school-based outreach remains the primary HPV vaccination delivery model since the national rollout in 2018, complemented by health facility and community outreach channels, with Grade 5 girls and 10-year-old out-of-school girls as target populations. The programme benefits from strong interministerial coordination between the Ministry of Health and Child Care and the Ministry of […]