Discussion addressed the differentiated pricing landscape for HPV vaccines, clarifying that GAVI-eligible countries may access GAVI prices even for expanded target groups and that UNICEF procurement functions as an indirect pool procurement mechanism benefiting countries with small purchasing volumes. On the economics of local manufacturing, Bloem acknowledged the 10-year timeline and higher per-dose costs typical of technology transfer arrangements, while noting that vaccine security, job creation, and industrial development represent broader national benefits that can justify the investment. The single-dose transition’s potential to reduce manufacturer volumes and increase prices was assessed as unlikely to materialise at scale given competitive pressure from lower-cost Chinese-manufactured products. Irene Man noted that IARC modelling tools are being designed to be country-adjustable so that programme managers can generate return-on-investment and cost-effectiveness outputs directly accessible to finance ministries.