In this review, Stanley and colleagues examine the biological plausibility and clinical trial evidence supporting a single-dose HPV vaccination schedule. The authors synthesize data from randomized controlled trials—including KEN SHE (Kenya), DoRIS (Tanzania), the Costa Rica Vaccine Trial, and the IARC India trial—demonstrating high and durable efficacy comparable to multi-dose regimens. Post-licensure observational studies and mathematical modelling further support the programmatic and cost-effectiveness benefits of one-dose schedules, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The article concludes by documenting countries that have transitioned to single-dose programmes following the WHO 2022 recommendation update.